When you review a complete blood count, you may wonder, “What does RDW mean in a blood test?” RDW stands for red cell distribution width. It shows how much your red blood cells vary in size. Red blood cells carry oxygen from your lungs to tissues throughout your body.
RDW does not diagnose a disease by itself. Doctors interpret it with hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, iron studies, symptoms, medical history, and other results. A high RDW may help identify certain types of anemia, nutritional deficiencies, or changes in red blood cell production. A low RDW is generally not concerning.
This guide explains normal, high, and low RDW results, how RDW relates to MCV, what conditions may affect it, and what questions to ask your healthcare provider.
Quick Answer: What Does RDW Mean in a Blood Test?
RDW, or red cell distribution width, measures how much your red blood cells differ in size. A normal RDW means the cells are relatively similar in size. A high RDW means there is greater size variation, called anisocytosis. Doctors use RDW with other CBC values to investigate anemia and related conditions.
RDW Meaning at a Glance
| Field | Explanation |
| Full name | Red cell distribution width |
| Abbreviation | RDW |
| Pronunciation | “Red cell dis-trih-BYOO-shun width” |
| Test category | Red blood cell index |
| Usually included in | Complete blood count, or CBC |
| What it measures | Variation in red blood cell size and volume |
| Common reporting methods | RDW-CV as a percentage or RDW-SD in femtoliters |
| Normal result | Red blood cells have relatively similar sizes |
| High result | Greater-than-expected variation in cell size |
| Low result | Cells are very similar in size; usually not concerning |
| Medical term for varied cell sizes | Anisocytosis |
| Most useful comparison | RDW interpreted with MCV, hemoglobin, and other tests |
| Common clinical use | Helping distinguish possible causes of anemia |
| Important limitation | RDW cannot confirm a diagnosis on its own |
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What Does RDW Mean in a Blood Test?
RDW describes the degree of variation among the sizes of your circulating red blood cells. Your laboratory’s automated blood analyzer measures thousands of cells and calculates how similar or different their volumes are.
Despite its name, RDW does not directly measure the physical width of one red blood cell. It describes the width of the distribution of cell volumes. A narrow distribution means most cells are close to the same size. A wide distribution means there is a mixture of smaller and larger cells.
Healthy red blood cells are normally similar in size. Cleveland Clinic notes that typical mature red blood cells are approximately 6.2 to 8.2 micrometers across, although RDW is calculated from cell volume rather than diameter.
What Are Red Blood Cells?
Red blood cells, also called erythrocytes, develop in the bone marrow. Their main job is to transport oxygen using hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein.
Several conditions can affect how these cells are produced, how long they survive, and how large they become. For example:
- Iron deficiency can lead to smaller red blood cells.
- Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency can produce larger cells.
- Blood loss or red blood cell destruction may stimulate the marrow to release young, relatively large cells.
- A recent blood transfusion may create a temporary mixture of differently sized cells.
RDW helps reveal this mixture, but it does not identify the cause without supporting information.
What Does “Distribution Width” Mean?
Imagine measuring 100 coins. If every coin is nearly the same diameter, the size distribution is narrow. If the group includes tiny coins, medium coins, and large coins, the distribution is wider.
RDW applies a similar idea to red blood cells:
- Lower or normal RDW: The cells have relatively uniform volumes.
- High RDW: The cell volumes vary more than the laboratory expects.
The medical term for noticeable differences in red blood cell size is anisocytosis. RDW is an automated numerical measure related to anisocytosis. A blood smear may also allow a laboratory professional to see size variation under a microscope.
Is RDW Part of a Complete Blood Count?
RDW is usually included among the red blood cell indices in a complete blood count. A CBC measures the number and characteristics of several blood-cell types, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It may be ordered during a routine checkup or when a clinician is investigating fatigue, weakness, infection, bruising, bleeding, or other symptoms.
Red blood cell measurements commonly shown beside RDW include:
| CBC Measurement | What It Describes |
| RBC count | Number of red blood cells |
| Hemoglobin | Amount of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin |
| Hematocrit | Percentage of blood made up of red blood cells |
| MCV | Average red blood cell volume |
| MCH | Average amount of hemoglobin per cell |
| MCHC | Average concentration of hemoglobin within cells |
| RDW | Degree of variation in red blood cell size |
These measurements answer different questions. You can have a normal RBC count but abnormal cell size, or a high RDW without anemia. That is why clinicians interpret the complete pattern rather than focusing on a single number.
Origin and Medical Meaning of RDW
The term comes from laboratory hematology:
- Red cell refers to red blood cells or erythrocytes.
- Distribution refers to how cell volumes are spread across a measured range.
- Width describes how narrow or broad that distribution is.
Historically, laboratory professionals evaluated red blood cell size and shape by examining stained blood smears under a microscope. Modern automated hematology analyzers can measure cell volumes rapidly and generate red blood cell histograms.
RDW became a routine part of automated CBC reporting because it offers objective information about cell-size variation. It is especially useful when considered alongside MCV, which reports the average cell volume.
An average can hide important variation. For example, a blood sample containing both unusually small and unusually large red blood cells might still have a normal average MCV. RDW can reveal that the cells are not actually uniform.
RDW-CV and RDW-SD: What Is the Difference?
Laboratories may report RDW in two forms.
RDW-CV
RDW-CV means red cell distribution width–coefficient of variation. It is usually reported as a percentage.
The calculation relates the standard deviation of red blood cell volume to the MCV:
RDW-CV = standard deviation of cell volume ÷ MCV × 100
Because MCV is included in the calculation, a change in average cell volume can affect the RDW-CV result.
RDW-SD
RDW-SD means red cell distribution width–standard deviation. It is generally reported in femtoliters, abbreviated fL.
RDW-SD reflects the actual width of the red blood cell volume distribution curve at a defined point. It is less directly dependent on MCV than RDW-CV.
These two values are related, but they are not interchangeable. Always compare your result with the specific reference interval printed on your report.
What Is a Normal RDW Range?
A commonly cited adult RDW-CV interval is approximately 12% to 15%, but the exact range varies by laboratory, analyzer, population, age, and reporting method. Cleveland Clinic gives 12% to 15% as a general range, while MedlinePlus emphasizes that patients should use the reference interval supplied by the laboratory that performed the test.
Your report may use a range such as:
- 11.5% to 14.5%
- 12% to 15%
- Another laboratory-specific interval
RDW-SD has a different reference range and unit, often expressed in femtoliters. Do not compare an RDW-SD number directly with an RDW-CV percentage.
A result marked slightly outside the reference interval does not automatically mean you have a disease. Reference intervals describe where most results fall in a selected population. Doctors also consider the size of the abnormality, whether it is new, whether it is changing, and whether other test results are abnormal.
What Does a High RDW Mean?
A high RDW means your red blood cells vary in size more than expected. It does not necessarily mean the cells themselves are all too large. The sample may contain:
- Mostly normal cells mixed with smaller cells
- Mostly normal cells mixed with larger cells
- Both unusually small and unusually large cells
- Newer cells mixed with older cells of different volumes
High RDW may occur when the bone marrow is producing cells under changing conditions or when more than one process affects red blood cells.
Possible explanations include:
Iron Deficiency
Iron is required to produce hemoglobin. As iron deficiency progresses, newly produced cells may become smaller while older cells remain closer to their previous size. That mixture can increase RDW.
RDW may support suspicion of iron deficiency, but it cannot confirm it. Ferritin, transferrin saturation, serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, hemoglobin, MCV, symptoms, and clinical history may be needed.
Vitamin B12 or Folate Deficiency
Vitamin B12 and folate support DNA synthesis during blood-cell formation. Deficiency may result in larger red blood cells, known as macrocytes. As cell production changes, RDW may increase because the bloodstream contains cells of different sizes.
Mixed Nutritional Deficiencies
A person can have more than one deficiency. Iron deficiency tends to produce small cells, while vitamin B12 or folate deficiency tends to produce large cells. The average MCV could appear normal because the small and large cells balance one another, yet RDW may be high.
This is one reason a normal MCV does not always rule out a red blood cell disorder.
Recent Blood Loss
After bleeding, the bone marrow may release more reticulocytes. Reticulocytes are young red blood cells and are generally larger than mature cells. Their presence may widen the range of cell sizes.
Hemolysis
Hemolysis occurs when red blood cells are destroyed faster than usual. The marrow may respond by releasing young cells, which can increase size variation. Additional testing may include a reticulocyte count, bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase, haptoglobin, and a blood smear.
Recovery After Treatment
RDW can temporarily rise after treatment for iron, folate, or vitamin B12 deficiency. New healthier cells may differ in size from older abnormal cells still circulating. Therefore, an increase during early recovery does not always mean treatment is failing.
Blood Transfusion
Donor red blood cells may differ in average size from the recipient’s cells. This can temporarily increase RDW.
Chronic Illness or Bone Marrow Disorders
Liver disease, kidney disease, chronic inflammation, and certain bone marrow conditions may be associated with abnormal red blood cell production and an elevated RDW. However, RDW is nonspecific and cannot tell which condition is present.
MedlinePlus lists several conditions that may be associated with a high RDW, but it also stresses that interpretation requires other blood-test results and clinical information.
Does High RDW Mean Cancer?
No. A high RDW does not mean that you have cancer.
Research has found associations between elevated RDW and outcomes in several illnesses, including cardiovascular disease, inflammatory disorders, and some cancers. However, an association is not the same as a diagnosis or proof that RDW caused the condition.
RDW is affected by many common factors, including nutritional deficiency, anemia, inflammation, recent bleeding, transfusion, and age-related changes. It is not a cancer-screening test and cannot identify a tumor’s location or type.
If your RDW is high, the appropriate next step is to evaluate the complete blood count, symptoms, history, and any targeted follow-up tests rather than assuming a serious diagnosis.
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What Does a Low RDW Mean?
A low RDW means your red blood cells are very similar in size. MedlinePlus states that a low result is not considered a sign of anemia and is usually not something to worry about.
A low RDW does not mean that your red blood cells are too small. It only means there is little variation among them. They could be uniformly normal, uniformly small, or uniformly large.
For example:
- Low MCV plus normal or low RDW means the cells may be consistently small.
- High MCV plus normal or low RDW means the cells may be consistently large.
- Normal MCV plus low RDW generally means the cells are similar and average-sized.
The MCV and other results provide the missing size information.
RDW and MCV: How Doctors Read Them Together
MCV measures the average red blood cell volume. RDW measures variation around that average. Looking at both gives a clearer picture than either result alone.
| MCV Pattern | RDW Pattern | Possible Interpretation |
| Low MCV | High RDW | Iron deficiency is one possibility; mixed causes may also occur |
| Low MCV | Normal RDW | Thalassemia trait or a stable microcytic pattern may be considered |
| Normal MCV | High RDW | Early deficiency, mixed deficiency, recovery, transfusion, or another evolving process |
| Normal MCV | Normal RDW | Uniform, average-sized cells; anemia may still be present |
| High MCV | High RDW | Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, reticulocytosis, liver-related changes, or mixed causes |
| High MCV | Normal RDW | A relatively uniform macrocytic pattern; medication, alcohol exposure, liver disease, or other causes may be evaluated |
This table offers possibilities, not diagnoses. The same combination can arise from different conditions, and classic patterns do not appear in every patient.
RDW Cannot Reliably Separate Every Type of Anemia
High RDW is often discussed in relation to iron-deficiency anemia, while thalassemia trait is often associated with a more uniform microcytic pattern. However, overlap occurs.
RDW should not be used alone to distinguish iron deficiency from thalassemia. Ferritin, iron studies, RBC count, hemoglobin analysis, family background, and other tests may be necessary. Published research has explored RDW for this purpose, but its performance varies among patient groups and testing methods.
Can RDW Be Normal When You Have Anemia?
Yes. Anemia means the blood has insufficient hemoglobin or red blood cell capacity to carry oxygen effectively. RDW only measures cell-size variation.
You can have anemia with a normal RDW when the red blood cells are uniformly affected. MedlinePlus notes that even when RDW is normal, red blood cells may still be too small or too large, and anemia or another condition may still be present.
Possible patterns include:
- Low hemoglobin with normal RDW and low MCV
- Low hemoglobin with normal RDW and normal MCV
- Low hemoglobin with normal RDW and high MCV
This is why hemoglobin and hematocrit are central to identifying anemia, while RDW helps characterize the pattern.
Symptoms That May Lead to RDW Testing
RDW itself does not cause symptoms. Symptoms come from the underlying condition, such as anemia, nutritional deficiency, blood loss, or chronic illness.
A clinician may order a CBC when someone has:
- Persistent fatigue
- Weakness
- Shortness of breath
- Pale skin
- Dizziness
- Headaches
- Rapid or noticeable heartbeat
- Reduced exercise tolerance
- Unusual cravings, such as chewing ice
- Numbness or tingling
- Heavy menstrual bleeding
- Blood in stool
- Unexpected bruising
- Poor appetite or unexplained weight changes
These symptoms are not specific to an abnormal RDW. Many conditions can cause them, and some people with an abnormal result have no symptoms.
How the RDW Blood Test Is Performed
RDW is calculated from a standard blood sample collected for a CBC.
The process usually involves:
- A healthcare professional cleans the skin over a vein, often inside the elbow.
- A small needle is inserted into the vein.
- Blood flows into one or more collection tubes.
- The needle is removed, and pressure is applied.
- An automated analyzer measures the blood cells and calculates RDW.
The blood draw usually takes only a few minutes. You may feel a brief sting. Minor bruising or soreness can occur.
Fasting is generally not required for a CBC alone. However, you may need to fast if other tests are ordered from the same sample. Follow the instructions provided by your healthcare team.
Real-Life Examples of RDW Interpretation
The examples below show how RDW language may appear in medical conversations. They do not replace an individual evaluation.
- “Your RDW is high, so your red blood cells have a wider range of sizes than expected.”
- “The RDW is normal, but your hemoglobin is low, so we still need to investigate anemia.”
- “Because both RDW and MCV are abnormal, your clinician ordered iron, vitamin B12, and folate tests.”
- “A mildly high RDW alone does not tell us the cause.”
- “Your laboratory uses RDW-CV, which is reported as a percentage.”
- “This report lists RDW-SD in femtoliters, so it uses a different measurement method.”
- “Your RDW increased after iron treatment because new cells differ from older iron-deficient cells.”
- “The normal RDW does not prove that your iron level is normal.”
- “Your doctor reviewed RDW together with hemoglobin, hematocrit, and MCV.”
- “The high RDW may reflect the mixture of your cells and recently transfused donor cells.”
- “A low RDW usually means the cells are very similar in size.”
- “The abnormal RDW is a clue, not a final diagnosis.”
- “Because your MCV is low, the doctor is evaluating the causes of microcytosis.”
- “Your high MCV indicates larger average cells, while RDW shows how much their sizes vary.”
- “A blood smear was ordered to examine cell size, shape, and appearance directly.”
- “Your ferritin test will help determine whether iron deficiency is present.”
- “The clinician ordered a reticulocyte count to see how actively your marrow is replacing red blood cells.”
- “The trend over several tests may be more useful than one slightly abnormal result.”
Common Misunderstandings About RDW
Misunderstanding 1: RDW Measures the Number of Red Blood Cells
It does not. The RBC count measures how many red blood cells are present. RDW measures variation in their sizes.
Misunderstanding 2: High RDW Means All Cells Are Large
High RDW means the sizes vary. Some cells may be small, some normal, and some large. MCV indicates the average size.
Misunderstanding 3: Normal RDW Rules Out Anemia
It does not. Anemia can occur with normal RDW, especially when the red blood cells are uniformly affected.
Misunderstanding 4: High RDW Confirms Iron Deficiency
Iron deficiency is one possibility, but RDW alone cannot confirm it. Ferritin and other iron studies provide more direct information about iron status.
Misunderstanding 5: High RDW Automatically Means Cancer
It does not. RDW is nonspecific and can rise for many reasons. It is not a cancer test.
Misunderstanding 6: Low RDW Means the Cells Are Too Small
Low RDW means the cells are similar in size. MCV determines whether their average volume is low, normal, or high.
Misunderstanding 7: Every Flagged Result Requires Treatment
A laboratory flag only shows that the number falls outside that laboratory’s reference range. Treatment depends on the underlying cause, symptoms, medical history, and complete test pattern.
Related Terms and How They Differ
| Term | Meaning | Difference From RDW |
| Anisocytosis | Unequal red blood cell sizes | RDW numerically estimates size variation |
| MCV | Average red blood cell volume | Reports average size, not variation |
| Microcytosis | Red blood cells are smaller than expected | Usually associated with low MCV |
| Macrocytosis | Red blood cells are larger than expected | Usually associated with high MCV |
| Hemoglobin | Oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells | Helps determine whether anemia is present |
| Hematocrit | Percentage of blood occupied by red blood cells | Measures red cell proportion |
| Reticulocyte | Young red blood cell | May increase during marrow response |
| Ferritin | Protein that stores iron | Often used to assess iron stores |
| Poikilocytosis | Variation in red blood cell shape | RDW focuses on size rather than shape |
| Blood smear | Microscopic examination of blood cells | Shows cell appearance directly |
| Erythrocyte | Medical name for a red blood cell | The cell being measured |
| CBC | Group of blood-cell measurements | RDW is usually one component |
There is no useful medical “antonym” for RDW. Conceptually, uniform cell size is the opposite of wide cell-size variation.
A Simple RDW Decision Guide
Is your RDW flagged as abnormal?
↓
No
Review hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, symptoms, and the rest of the CBC. A normal RDW does not rule out anemia.
↓
Yes, it is high
Check whether hemoglobin is low and whether MCV is low, normal, or high. Your clinician may consider iron studies, vitamin B12, folate, reticulocyte count, a blood smear, kidney or liver testing, or other targeted tests.
↓
Yes, it is low
This usually means the cells are very similar in size and is rarely concerning by itself. Interpret it with the rest of the CBC.
↓
Is the result new, significantly abnormal, or accompanied by symptoms?
Discuss it with a healthcare professional rather than trying to diagnose the cause from RDW alone.
What Tests May Be Ordered After an Abnormal RDW?
Follow-up testing depends on the full CBC and clinical situation. A healthcare professional may consider:
- Repeat CBC to confirm the result or assess the trend
- Ferritin
- Serum iron
- Transferrin saturation
- Total iron-binding capacity
- Vitamin B12
- Folate
- Reticulocyte count
- Peripheral blood smear
- Bilirubin
- Lactate dehydrogenase
- Haptoglobin
- Kidney-function tests
- Liver-function tests
- Thyroid testing
- Hemoglobin electrophoresis or another hemoglobin analysis
- Tests for bleeding when clinically indicated
- Bone marrow testing in selected, uncommon situations
Not everyone with an abnormal RDW needs all these tests. Testing should address the most likely causes based on symptoms, history, diet, medications, menstrual or gastrointestinal blood loss, pregnancy, family history, and other findings.
When Should You Contact a Healthcare Professional?
Arrange medical advice if your RDW is abnormal and you also have persistent fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness, weakness, heavy bleeding, black or bloody stools, numbness, unexplained weight loss, or another concerning symptom.
Seek urgent care for severe shortness of breath, chest pain, fainting, confusion, uncontrolled bleeding, or rapidly worsening weakness. These symptoms cannot be evaluated safely using an RDW value alone.
Do not start high-dose iron, vitamin B12, or folic acid solely because RDW is high. Unnecessary supplementation can delay the correct diagnosis, cause side effects, or interfere with the recognition of another deficiency. Treatment should target a confirmed or strongly suspected cause.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is a high RDW serious?
A high RDW is not automatically serious. It indicates greater variation in red blood cell size. The significance depends on hemoglobin, MCV, other test results, symptoms, and the reason the CBC was ordered.
What level of RDW is considered high?
A result above the laboratory’s stated upper reference limit is considered high. Many laboratories use an RDW-CV range near 12% to 15%, but intervals vary. Use the range printed on your report rather than a universal internet cutoff.
Can dehydration cause a high RDW?
Dehydration can affect some blood measurements by reducing plasma volume, but it is not a dependable explanation for high RDW. Clinicians should interpret the complete test pattern and repeat testing when appropriate.
Does high RDW always mean anemia?
No. RDW may be high before anemia becomes obvious, during recovery, after transfusion, or in association with another medical condition. Conversely, a person can have anemia with normal RDW.
What does high RDW with low MCV mean?
This pattern may occur with iron deficiency because newer cells can become progressively smaller, creating greater size variation. Other or mixed causes are possible, so iron studies and clinical evaluation are usually needed.
What does high RDW with normal MCV mean?
It can mean that small and large cells are present together, producing a normal average. Possible explanations include early nutritional deficiency, mixed iron and vitamin deficiency, recent blood loss, recovery after treatment, hemolysis, or transfusion.
What does high RDW with high MCV mean?
This pattern may occur with vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, increased reticulocytes, liver-related changes, alcohol exposure, certain medicines, bone marrow disorders, or combined conditions. Further evaluation is needed to determine the cause.
Can RDW change after iron treatment?
Yes. RDW may rise temporarily when the bone marrow starts producing healthier cells that differ from older iron-deficient cells. Over time, it may return toward the laboratory range as the older population is replaced.
Is RDW the same as MCV?
No. MCV measures average red blood cell size. RDW measures how much individual cell sizes vary around that average. Doctors often use the two values together.
Can RDW diagnose vitamin B12 deficiency?
No. A high RDW and high MCV may raise suspicion, but vitamin B12 testing and clinical assessment are needed. Neurologic symptoms, medication use, dietary intake, and absorption problems may also influence the evaluation.
Key Takeaways
- RDW stands for red cell distribution width.
- It measures variation in red blood cell size, not the number of cells.
- RDW is usually included in a complete blood count.
- A high result means the cells vary in size more than expected.
- A low RDW means the cells are relatively uniform and is usually not concerning.
- MCV reports average cell size, while RDW reports size variation.
- High RDW can occur with iron deficiency, vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, blood loss, hemolysis, transfusion, recovery after treatment, and other conditions.
- A normal RDW does not rule out anemia.
- RDW cannot diagnose iron deficiency, cancer, or another condition by itself.
- The most useful interpretation combines RDW with hemoglobin, MCV, other laboratory values, symptoms, and medical history.
- The laboratory’s own reference interval should be used because ranges and measurement methods vary.
- Supplements or treatment should address a confirmed cause rather than an isolated RDW result.
Conclusion
Understanding what RDW means in a blood test can make a CBC report less confusing. RDW shows how much your red blood cells differ in size. A high value indicates greater variation, while a low value usually means the cells are very similar in size.
The result is best viewed as a clue rather than a diagnosis. Its meaning depends on MCV, hemoglobin, hematocrit, iron status, vitamin levels, symptoms, health history, recent treatment, and other findings. Discuss an abnormal or unexplained result with a qualified healthcare professional, especially when it appears with anemia or persistent symptoms.
References
- MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. “RDW (Red Cell Distribution Width).” Updated October 15, 2024.
- MedlinePlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine. “Red Blood Cell Indices.” Updated October 7, 2024.
- Cleveland Clinic. “RDW Blood Test: What It Is, Procedure & Results.” Updated April 7, 2026.
- Cleveland Clinic. “Anisocytosis: Causes, Meaning & Treatment.” Medically reviewed May 15, 2023.
- Cleveland Clinic. “Mean Corpuscular Volume.” Medically reviewed January 19, 2023.
- Mayo Clinic. “Complete Blood Count.” Updated June 27, 2026.
- Cleveland Clinic. “Complete Blood Count: What It Is and Normal Ranges.” Medically reviewed March 14, 2024.
- Lippi G, et al. “Red Blood Cell Distribution Width: A Marker of Anisocytosis Potentially Associated with Atrial Fibrillation.” World Journal of Cardiology. 2019.
- Sazawal S, et al. “Efficiency of Red Cell Distribution Width in Identification of Children Aged 1–3 Years with Iron Deficiency Anemia.” 2014.
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Edward Whitmore is a British author, researcher, and public speaker with a strong interest in language, philosophy, and lifelong learning. Born in York, England, he discovered his love for books and linguistics during his school years and later turned that passion into a successful writing career. His books focus on helping readers understand the deeper meaning of words, ideas, and communication through clear explanations and well-researched content. Edward regularly contributes to educational projects and enjoys sharing his knowledge through workshops and articles. In his free time, he visits historical landmarks, collects vintage books, and studies the development of the English language.
Books:
- Beyond the Dictionary
- The Meaning Behind Every Word
Oliver Harrington
Charlotte Pembroke